Friedrich Ratzel
(1844 AD -1904 AD)
Friedrich Ratzel
(1844 AD -1904 AD)
Friedrich Ratzel known as the founder of modern human geography
- introduced systematic human geography and provided the guidelines for its study
- coined the word anthropogeography (his principal work on ethnography was Volkerkunde)
- influenced by Darwin’s themes – ‘struggle and natural selection’ and ‘association and organization’
- applied Darwin’s concept to human societies, Ratzel saw man as the end product of evolution
- studied human geography by reverse method – by considering human conditions in relation to the natural condition
- extended the concept of determinism, stressed it to the extent to which men live under nature’s law
- led to the evolution of thought from determinism to the environmental determinism
- introduced the concept of Cultural Landscape, for him, ‘cultural differences were far more pronounced than differences in the physical character of the land’
- explained the cause of human distributions and facts of distribution, migration and cultural diffusion, cultural trait and cultural landscape
- ‘founder’ of political geography, often recognised as the father of modern political geography
- developed the concept of ‘lebensraum’, the space for the growth of political entities
- the concept of lebensraum was composed of both scientific and ideological elements, it legitimized the political ideas of Nazi Germany (Hitler)
Books
- Anthropogeographie, Politisctic Geographie
Ratzel appears to have believed in what may be called ‘racial superiority’; often criticised for his concept of ‘lebensraum’, the need and ability for expansion and ‘racial superiority’
Also checkout this pioneers of modern geography
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