Language across the Curriculum
B.ed 1st semester
Previous paper 2021-22
Solved Question Paper
Section - A
Each question carries 5 marks.
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Answer :
Mother tongue, also known as native language, is the language that a person learns as a child from their family and community. It is the first language that a person acquires and is the foundation of their linguistic and cognitive development. Mother tongue plays a crucial role in an individual's identity, culture, and socialization, as well as their ability to learn and communicate effectively.
Here are some reasons why mother tongue is important:
Cognitive development: Learning and using a mother tongue helps in the cognitive development of a child. It enables them to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, understand complex concepts and ideas, and improve their memory and concentration.
Communication: Mother tongue is essential for effective communication within families, communities, and cultures. When individuals speak in their mother tongue, they can express their thoughts, feelings, and ideas more clearly and accurately.
Cultural identity: Mother tongue is often associated with an individual's cultural identity. It helps individuals to connect with their roots, understand their heritage, and preserve their cultural traditions.
Educational achievement: Research has shown that children who are taught in their mother tongue perform better academically. When children learn in their mother tongue, they can easily understand the curriculum, leading to improved learning outcomes and higher levels of academic achievement.
Economic opportunities: In multilingual societies, individuals who are fluent in multiple languages, including their mother tongue, have a competitive advantage in the job market. Mother tongue proficiency is an asset for individuals seeking employment in industries such as translation, interpretation, and cultural tourism.
In summary, mother tongue is a critical component of an individual's cognitive, cultural, and social development. It is essential for effective communication, academic achievement, and economic opportunities. Therefore, it is important to recognize the significance of mother tongue and promote its use and preservation.
Answer :
The Three Language Formula is an educational policy in India that was first introduced in 1968. It recommends that students in Hindi-speaking states should study three languages: the regional language, Hindi, and English. In non-Hindi-speaking states, students should study the regional language, Hindi, and English. The aim of the policy is to promote multilingualism and national integration.
Here is a brief description of the three languages in the formula:
Regional language: The regional language is the language of the state or region in which the student is studying. It is the language of instruction in most schools in the state and is usually the first language that students learn.
Hindi: Hindi is the national language of India and is the most widely spoken language in the country. In states where Hindi is not the regional language, it is taught as a second language.
English: English is the global language of communication and is widely used in business, education, and government in India. It is taught as a third language in all states.
The three language formula has been implemented in different ways in different states, and there has been some debate over the years about the appropriate balance between the three languages. Some states have expanded the formula to include additional languages, while others have modified it to focus more on regional languages. Nonetheless, the basic aim of the policy remains to promote multilingualism and national unity in India.
Answer :
First language, also known as the native language or mother tongue, is the language that a person learns as a child from their family and community. Here are some general principles of first language:
Acquisition occurs naturally: Children acquire their first language naturally through exposure to it in their daily interactions with parents, caregivers, and other members of their community. They do not need to be explicitly taught the language, and their acquisition is guided by innate language acquisition mechanisms in the brain.
Order of acquisition: Children acquire their first language in a predictable order, with certain linguistic structures and concepts being mastered before others. For example, children typically acquire the basic grammar and vocabulary of their first language before moving on to more complex structures and concepts.
Use of feedback: Children rely on feedback from their caregivers to learn and refine their first language. Caregivers provide feedback through corrective feedback, repetition, and expansion of the child's utterances.
Interactions are key: Children learn their first language through meaningful interactions with others, where language is used to express ideas, feelings, and intentions. These interactions occur in a range of contexts, such as play, meal times, and other daily activities.
Variation: There is variation in the acquisition of first language among children, depending on factors such as individual differences, language input, and exposure to multiple languages. Children may also demonstrate different rates and patterns of acquisition.
Continuity: Children's first language acquisition is a continuous process that occurs over an extended period, from infancy to early childhood. The acquisition process is ongoing, and children continue to develop their language abilities as they are exposed to new language structures and concepts.
In summary, the acquisition of first language occurs naturally, with a predictable order of acquisition, use of feedback, meaningful interactions, variation, and continuity. Understanding these general principles of first language acquisition can be useful in supporting children's language development, particularly in multilingual settings.
Answer :
Language is a complex cognitive ability that involves multiple psychological processes. Here are some of the psychological bases of language:
Innate language ability: There is evidence that humans have an innate capacity for language acquisition. This ability is supported by specific neural structures in the brain, which allow individuals to process and produce language.
Language processing: The ability to process language involves a range of cognitive processes, including perception, attention, memory, and reasoning. These processes allow individuals to decode and comprehend the meaning of linguistic input and to generate language output.
Language production: The process of producing language involves multiple cognitive processes, including planning, organizing, and executing verbal utterances. Language production also involves social and emotional processes, such as intentionality, empathy, and theory of mind, which enable individuals to communicate effectively.
Social interaction: Language is a social phenomenon, and it plays a critical role in social interaction. The ability to use language effectively requires an understanding of social norms, conventions, and expectations. Individuals use language to communicate with others, establish and maintain relationships, and convey information.
Learning and acquisition: Language learning and acquisition are complex cognitive processes that involve multiple factors, including exposure to language, cognitive development, social and environmental factors, and individual differences. These processes enable individuals to acquire, use, and adapt language to suit different contexts and situations.
In summary, the psychological bases of language involve innate language ability, language processing and production, social interaction, and learning and acquisition. Understanding these psychological processes can help researchers, educators, and clinicians better understand language development and disorders, as well as develop effective interventions and treatments.
Answer :
The aim of teaching pronunciation is to help learners produce and understand spoken language in a clear and effective manner. Clear pronunciation enables learners to communicate their ideas accurately and appropriately, and to understand spoken language produced by others.
Here are some of the key aims of teaching pronunciation:
Comprehensibility: The primary aim of teaching pronunciation is to enable learners to be understood by others. Clear pronunciation helps listeners to understand what a speaker is saying, even if they are not familiar with the vocabulary or grammar being used.
Accuracy: Another aim of teaching pronunciation is to help learners produce sounds, stress, intonation, and rhythm that are accurate and appropriate for the language they are learning. This means helping learners to distinguish between similar sounds that may not exist in their first language, and to use stress and intonation to convey meaning and emotion.
Confidence: Clear and accurate pronunciation can help learners feel more confident when speaking, which can in turn improve their overall language proficiency. When learners feel confident in their pronunciation, they are more likely to use the language in social and professional settings.
Listening: Teaching pronunciation can also help learners improve their listening skills. By focusing on the sounds of the language and how they are produced, learners can better understand the speech of others, even when the speaker has a different accent or uses unfamiliar vocabulary.
Cultural competence: Pronunciation is also an important aspect of cultural competence. By learning to pronounce words and phrases correctly, learners can show respect for the culture and language they are studying, and demonstrate an interest in communicating effectively with native speakers.
Overall, the aim of teaching pronunciation is to help learners develop clear and effective spoken communication skills, which are essential for successful communication in any language.
Answer :
Reading is a complex cognitive process that involves decoding written symbols to derive meaning. There are different types of reading, depending on the purpose, context, and level of comprehension required. Here are some of the main types of reading:
Skimming: Skimming is a type of reading in which a reader quickly scans a text to get a general sense of its content. Skimming is useful when you want to get an overview of a text or locate specific information, such as a key term, without reading the entire text in detail.
Scanning: Scanning is a type of reading in which a reader searches for specific information in a text, such as a name, date, or statistic. Scanning involves moving quickly through a text and looking for visual cues, such as headings, boldface text, and bullet points, to locate the information.
Intensive reading: Intensive reading is a type of reading in which a reader focuses on understanding the meaning of a text in detail. This type of reading is often used in academic contexts, where a reader needs to comprehend and analyze complex texts, such as textbooks or research articles.
Extensive reading: Extensive reading is a type of reading in which a reader engages in leisure reading for pleasure or personal interest. This type of reading can include novels, magazines, or other texts that are not related to work or academic studies.
Skim-reading: Skim-reading is a type of reading that combines skimming and intensive reading. This type of reading involves scanning a text quickly to get an overview of its content and then reading specific sections in detail for deeper comprehension.
Critical reading: Critical reading is a type of reading in which a reader evaluates and analyzes a text for its quality, relevance, and reliability. This type of reading involves questioning and examining the assumptions, arguments, and evidence presented in the text.
In summary, the different types of reading include skimming, scanning, intensive reading, extensive reading, skim-reading, and critical reading. Understanding these types of reading can help readers choose appropriate reading strategies to meet their reading goals and improve their overall reading comprehension.
Answer :
A good language teacher possesses a variety of qualities that make them effective in their teaching. Here are some of the most important qualities of a good language teacher:
Knowledgeable: A good language teacher has a strong command of the language they are teaching, including grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. They have a deep understanding of the language's structure and can explain it in a clear and understandable way.
Enthusiastic: A good language teacher is passionate about teaching and genuinely enjoys working with students. They are energetic and positive, and they bring their enthusiasm for the language into the classroom.
Patient: Language learning can be challenging, and a good language teacher is patient and supportive with their students. They understand that learning a language is a process and that it takes time to develop the skills necessary to communicate effectively.
Flexible: A good language teacher is adaptable and flexible, able to adjust their teaching style and approach to meet the needs of different students. They are open to feedback and willing to make changes in their teaching to better meet the needs of their students.
Creative: A good language teacher is creative and resourceful, able to find engaging and innovative ways to teach the language. They use a variety of materials, activities, and techniques to keep their students interested and motivated.
Respectful: A good language teacher is respectful of their students and their cultural backgrounds. They understand that language learning is a personal and cultural experience and are sensitive to the needs and beliefs of their students.
Organized: A good language teacher is organized and prepared, with a clear lesson plan and a set of learning objectives. They are punctual and dependable, and they use class time efficiently to help students make progress.
Overall, a good language teacher is knowledgeable, enthusiastic, patient, flexible, creative, respectful, and organized. They are committed to helping their students learn and grow, and they work hard to create a positive and supportive learning environment.
Section - B
Each question carries 15 marks.
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The National Education Policy (NPE) of 1986 was a landmark policy document that aimed to reform the education system in India. One of the key areas of focus of the NPE was language education. The policy made several recommendations on language education, which are discussed in detail below.
Mother tongue as medium of instruction: The NPE recommended that the mother tongue or regional language should be the medium of instruction in primary education. This was based on the idea that children learn better when they are taught in a language that they understand well. The policy recommended that Hindi and English should be taught as additional languages in primary education.
Three-language formula: The NPE recommended a three-language formula for secondary education. The formula recommended the study of a modern Indian language, in addition to Hindi and English. The choice of the third language would depend on the linguistic diversity of the region.
Promotion of multilingualism: The NPE emphasized the importance of promoting multilingualism in India. The policy recognized that India is a multilingual and multicultural country, and that language is an important medium of cultural expression. The policy recommended the promotion of all Indian languages and the recognition of their value.
Training of language teachers: The NPE recognized the importance of well-trained language teachers for effective language education. The policy recommended the training of language teachers in language teaching methodologies and pedagogy. The policy also emphasized the need for training teachers in the use of modern educational technology for language education.
Development of language skills: The NPE recommended the development of language skills in students. The policy recognized that language skills are important for communication, and for academic and professional success. The policy recommended the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in all languages.
Integration of language and content: The NPE recommended the integration of language and content in education. The policy recognized that language and content are interdependent, and that effective language education requires the integration of language and subject matter.
In summary, the National Education Policy (NPE) of 1986 made several recommendations on language education, including the use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction in primary education, a three-language formula for secondary education, the promotion of multilingualism, the training of language teachers, the development of language skills, and the integration of language and content. These recommendations continue to guide language education in India today.
Answer :
Writing skills are essential in almost every aspect of life, be it personal or professional. They enable you to convey your thoughts, ideas, and information in a clear, concise, and effective way. Writing skills are important for both communication and self-expression. Some of the key reasons why writing skills are important include:
Communication: Writing is a crucial mode of communication. Whether it is sending an email, drafting a report, or writing a blog post, writing is an effective way to share ideas and information with others.
Professional Growth: Writing is a valuable skill in almost every profession. It is required in tasks such as writing reports, proposals, and emails, and even in creating job applications, resumes, and cover letters. Writing well can help you advance in your career and stand out among your colleagues.
Academic Success: Writing is a critical skill in academics. It is essential to express your ideas clearly in essays, research papers, and other academic assignments. Writing well can help you get better grades and succeed academically.
Self-Expression: Writing is an excellent tool for self-expression. Whether it is writing a journal entry or creating a poem, writing enables you to express your feelings, thoughts, and ideas in a creative and meaningful way.
The main objectives of writing skill are:
Clarity: Writing clearly and concisely is essential to ensure that your message is understood. It is important to communicate your ideas in a simple and understandable manner.
Coherence: Writing coherently means that your ideas should flow smoothly and logically from one sentence to another. This can be achieved by using transition words and phrases.
Correctness: Writing correctly means that your writing should be free from errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Creativity: Writing creatively means using your imagination and expressing your ideas in a unique and engaging way.
Audience awareness: Writing for a specific audience requires an understanding of their needs, interests, and expectations. Writing with your audience in mind can make your writing more effective.
Overall, writing skills are essential for success in personal and professional life, and improving your writing skills can help you communicate more effectively, advance in your career, and express your ideas more creatively.
Answer :
One theory of language development is the behaviorist theory, which posits that language is acquired through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping. According to the behaviorist theory, children learn language by observing the language of the people around them, and by being rewarded for using language correctly.
The behaviorist theory has several key characteristics:
Reinforcement: The behaviorist theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement in language acquisition. When a child produces a correct word or sentence, they are rewarded with positive reinforcement, such as praise or a smile. This positive reinforcement encourages the child to continue using language correctly.
Imitation: The behaviorist theory suggests that children learn language by imitating the language of the people around them. Children observe the sounds, words, and sentence structures used by others, and then attempt to replicate them.
Shaping: The behaviorist theory suggests that language learning involves a process of shaping. In this process, adults gradually shape the child's language production by providing feedback and correcting errors. Over time, the child's language becomes more and more accurate.
The behaviorist theory has several implications for language development. One implication is that language acquisition is a gradual process that involves a lot of repetition and reinforcement. Another implication is that the role of the environment is crucial in language acquisition. Children who are exposed to a rich and varied language environment are more likely to acquire language more quickly and accurately.
Factors affecting language learning:
Age: Age is a critical factor in language learning. Children are able to acquire language more easily than adults, as their brains are more malleable and adaptable. This is known as the critical period hypothesis, which suggests that there is a specific time frame during which language learning is optimal.
Environment: The language environment plays a crucial role in language learning. Children who are exposed to a rich and varied language environment are more likely to acquire language more quickly and accurately. Conversely, children who are not exposed to a rich language environment may struggle with language acquisition.
Motivation: Motivation is an important factor in language learning. Children who are motivated to learn a language are more likely to succeed in language acquisition. Motivation can come from a variety of sources, including intrinsic motivation (such as a personal interest in the language) and extrinsic motivation (such as the desire to communicate with others or to achieve academic or professional goals).
Learning style: Children have different learning styles, and these can affect language learning. Some children learn best through visual or auditory input, while others learn better through hands-on experiences. Teachers and caregivers can help children learn language more effectively by tailoring their teaching methods to the child's learning style.
Cognitive abilities: Cognitive abilities, such as memory and attention, can also affect language learning. Children with strong memory and attention skills may be able to learn language more quickly and accurately than children with weaker cognitive abilities.
In summary, the behaviorist theory of language development emphasizes the role of reinforcement, imitation, and shaping in language acquisition. Factors affecting language learning include age, environment, motivation, learning style, and cognitive abilities. Understanding these factors can help teachers and caregivers support children's language learning and development.
Answer :
Reading skill refers to the ability to read and comprehend written text. It involves understanding the meaning of written language, interpreting the text, and making connections between ideas. Good reading skills are essential for academic success, effective communication, and personal growth.
There are two main types of reading:
Intensive Reading: Intensive reading involves a close and careful analysis of a text. It is used when the reader wants to fully understand the meaning of a particular text. This type of reading involves reading at a slower pace, focusing on the details of the text, and analyzing the language and structure of the writing. Intensive reading is typically used in academic settings, where the reader needs to fully understand and retain the information.
Extensive Reading: Extensive reading involves reading a large amount of text in a short period of time. It is used when the reader wants to gain a general understanding of a topic, rather than a deep understanding of a particular text. This type of reading involves reading at a faster pace, skimming the text, and focusing on the main ideas. Extensive reading is typically used in everyday life, where the reader needs to quickly gather information and make decisions.
The main differences between intensive and extensive reading are:
Purpose: The purpose of intensive reading is to fully understand the meaning of a text, while the purpose of extensive reading is to gain a general understanding of a topic.
Pace: Intensive reading is done at a slower pace, while extensive reading is done at a faster pace.
Depth of Analysis: Intensive reading involves a deeper analysis of the text, while extensive reading involves a more superficial analysis.
Amount of Text: Intensive reading involves a smaller amount of text, while extensive reading involves a larger amount of text.
Overall, both intensive and extensive reading are important for different purposes. Intensive reading is essential for academic success, while extensive reading is essential for everyday life. Developing both reading skills is important for becoming a successful reader.
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Questioning skill is the ability to ask effective questions that can elicit information, clarify understanding, and generate new ideas. It is an important skill in communication, learning, problem-solving, and critical thinking.
There are several types of questions, including:
- Open-ended Questions: Open-ended questions are designed to encourage the person to provide a detailed and thoughtful response. These questions typically begin with "what," "why," "how," or "describe." Open-ended questions encourage dialogue and help generate new ideas.
Example: "What is your opinion about the new project proposal?"
- Closed-ended Questions: Closed-ended questions are designed to elicit a specific answer, such as "yes" or "no," or a specific piece of information. These questions are useful when seeking specific information.
Example: "Did you attend the meeting yesterday?"
- Probing Questions: Probing questions are designed to gather more information and encourage the person to elaborate on their response. These questions typically begin with "tell me more about" or "can you give me an example?"
Example: "Can you give me an example of how you dealt with a difficult customer in the past?"
- Leading Questions: Leading questions are designed to guide the person to a specific answer. These questions can be biased and are typically used in persuasive situations.
Example: "Don't you think that the new proposal is a great idea?"
- Rhetorical Questions: Rhetorical questions are not meant to elicit an answer, but rather to make a point or provoke thought. These questions typically begin with "why" or "how."
Example: "Why can't we all just get along?"
Overall, asking effective questions is an important skill that can help you gather information, clarify understanding, and generate new ideas. Understanding the different types of questions can help you ask the right questions in different situations, leading to better communication, decision-making, and problem-solving.
Answer :
(a) Note making strategy
Note-making is the process of creating a condensed, organized summary of information. It is a valuable study skill that helps students to process and retain information more effectively. Here are some key strategies for effective note-making:
Active listening: To make effective notes, it is important to actively listen and engage with the material. This involves paying attention to key points, identifying the main ideas, and noting down any supporting details.
Use abbreviations and symbols: Using abbreviations and symbols can help to save time and space when making notes. For example, using "w/" instead of "with," or using arrows to connect related ideas.
Use headings and subheadings: Organizing notes into headings and subheadings can help to create a clear and logical structure. This makes it easier to review and revise the material later on.
Highlight or underline key words and phrases: Highlighting or underlining key words and phrases can help to emphasize important points and make them easier to identify when reviewing notes.
Use different formats: Using different formats, such as diagrams, flowcharts, or mind maps, can help to visualize complex information and make it easier to understand and remember.
Overall, effective note-making involves engaging with the material, organizing information in a clear and logical way, and using different strategies to make information easier to understand and remember.
(b) Reading-writing connection
The reading-writing connection refers to the relationship between reading and writing skills, and how the development of one skill can enhance the development of the other.
Reading and writing are interconnected because they both involve the use of language. When individuals read, they are exposed to different styles of writing, grammar, and vocabulary, which can improve their writing skills. Reading helps individuals learn new words, sentence structures, and writing styles, which they can then use in their own writing.
Likewise, writing can also improve reading skills. When individuals write, they must use proper grammar, sentence structure, and spelling. Writing also requires individuals to organize their thoughts and ideas into a coherent structure, which can improve their ability to understand and analyze the structure of other texts.
In addition, both reading and writing involve higher-order thinking skills, such as analysis, evaluation, and synthesis. These skills are developed through the practice of both reading and writing, and can improve an individual's ability to think critically and communicate effectively.
Overall, the reading-writing connection is an important aspect of language development. By practicing both reading and writing, individuals can improve their communication skills, critical thinking skills, and overall language proficiency.
(c) Summarizing strategy
Summarizing is the process of creating a condensed version of a text or a piece of information, while still retaining the key ideas and important details. It is a valuable skill that can help students to process and remember information more effectively. Here are some key strategies for effective summarizing:
Identify the main ideas: To create an effective summary, it is important to identify the main ideas of the text. This involves looking for the key points that the author is trying to convey, and understanding how they relate to each other.
Eliminate unnecessary information: When summarizing a text, it is important to eliminate any unnecessary information, such as examples, anecdotes, or supporting details that do not contribute to the main ideas.
Use your own words: To create an effective summary, it is important to use your own words and phrasing. This helps to ensure that you have fully understood the material, and that you are able to explain it in a way that makes sense to you.
Condense the information: When summarizing a text, it is important to condense the information into a concise and easy-to-understand format. This might involve using bullet points, short sentences, or key phrases to convey the main ideas.
Check for accuracy: Before finalizing your summary, it is important to check for accuracy. This involves making sure that you have correctly identified the main ideas and important details, and that your summary accurately reflects the original text.
Overall, effective summarizing involves identifying the main ideas of a text, eliminating unnecessary information, using your own words, condensing the information, and checking for accuracy. By using these strategies, students can improve their ability to understand and remember information, and communicate it effectively to others.
(d) Recommendation of Knowledge Commission on language
The Knowledge Commission was an independent body established by the Government of India in 2005 to provide recommendations for improving the quality of education in India. One of the key areas the Commission addressed was the teaching and learning of languages.
The Commission recognized the importance of multilingualism and the need for a language policy that promotes the learning of multiple languages. It recommended that the education system should give equal importance to the teaching of English, Hindi, and other Indian languages.
The Commission also recommended the use of technology to support language learning, including the use of audio and video materials, digital tools, and online resources. It stressed the need for language teaching to be learner-centric, engaging, and relevant to the needs of the learners.
The Commission further suggested that language learning should not be limited to the classroom but should be integrated into everyday life, including through the use of media, social networks, and community resources. It recommended the development of language proficiency standards and assessments to measure progress and ensure quality.
Overall, the Knowledge Commission's recommendations on language emphasized the importance of multilingualism, the use of technology, learner-centric approaches, and integration of language learning into everyday life. These recommendations aimed to promote a more effective and inclusive language education system in India, which could help individuals develop the language skills needed to succeed in an increasingly globalized world.
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